Metal and plastic machine workers set up and operate machines that cut, shape, and form metal and plastic materials or pieces.
Metal and plastic machine workers typically do the following:
Consumer products are made with many metal and plastic parts. These parts are produced by machines that are operated by metal and plastic machine workers. In general, these workers are separated into two groups: those who set up machines for operation and those who operate machines during production. Many workers, however, perform both tasks.
Although many workers both set up and operate machines, some may specialize in being a machine setter or a machine operator and tender.
Machine setters, or setup workers, prepare the machines before production, perform test runs, and, if necessary, adjust and make minor repairs to the machinery before and during operation.
If, for example, the cutting tool inside a machine becomes dull after extended use, it is common for a setter to remove the tool, use a grinder or file to sharpen it, and reinstall it into the machine. New tools are produced by tool and die makers.
After installing the tools into a machine, setup workers often produce the initial batch of goods, inspect the products, and turn the machine over to an operator.
Machine operators and tenders monitor the machinery during operation.
After a setter prepares a machine for production, an operator observes the machine and the products it makes. Operators may have to load the machine with materials for production or adjust the machine’s speeds during production. They must periodically inspect the parts a machine produces. If they detect a minor problem, operators may fix it themselves. If the repair is more serious, they may have an industrial machinery mechanic fix it.
Setters, operators, and tenders are usually identified by the type of machine they work with. Job duties generally vary with the size of the manufacturer and the type of machine being operated. Although some workers specialize in one or two types of machinery, many are trained to set up or operate a variety of machines. Machine operators are often able to control multiple machines at the same time because of increased automation.
In addition, production techniques, such as team-oriented “lean” manufacturing, require machine operators to rotate between different machines. Rotating assignments results in more varied work but also requires workers to have a wide range of skills.
The following are examples of types of metal and plastic machine workers:
Computer-controlled machine tool operators operate computer-controlled machines or robots to perform functions on metal or plastic workpieces.
Computer numerically controlled machine tool programmers develop computer programs to control the machining or processing of metal or plastic parts by automatic machine tools, equipment, or systems.
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders set up or operate machines to extrude (pull out) thermoplastic or metal materials in the form of tubes, rods, hoses, wire, bars, or structural shapes.
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders set up or operate machines that shape or form metal or plastic parts.
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders set up or operate machines to roll steel or plastic or to flatten, temper, or reduce the thickness of materials.
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders set up or operate machines to saw, cut, shear, notch, bend, or straighten metal or plastic materials.
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders set up or operate drilling machines to drill, bore, mill, or countersink metal or plastic workpieces.
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders set up or operate grinding and related tools that remove excess material from surfaces, sharpen edges or corners, or buff or polish metal or plastic workpieces.
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders set up or operate lathe and turning machines to turn, bore, thread, or form metal or plastic materials, such as wire or rod.
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders set up or operate milling or planing machines to shape, groove, or profile metal or plastic workpieces.
Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders operate or tend furnaces, such as gas, oil, coal, electric-arc or electric-induction, open-hearth, and oxygen furnaces. These furnaces may be used to melt and refine metal before casting or to produce specified types of steel.
Pourers and casters operate hand-controlled mechanisms to pour and regulate the flow of molten metal into molds to produce castings or ingots.
Model makers set up and operate machines, such as milling and engraving machines to make working models of metal or plastic objects.
Patternmakers lay out, machine, fit, and assemble castings and parts to metal or plastic foundry patterns and core molds.
Foundry mold and coremakers make or form wax or sand cores or molds used in the production of metal castings in foundries.
Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders set up or operate metal or plastic molding, casting, or coremaking machines to mold or cast metal or thermoplastic parts or products.
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders set up or operate more than one type of cutting or forming machine tool or robot.
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders (including workers who operate laser cutters or laser-beam machines) set up or operate welding, soldering, or brazing machines or robots that weld, braze, solder, or heat treat metal products, components, or assemblies.
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders set up or operate heating equipment, such as heat treating furnaces, flame-hardening machines, induction machines, soaking pits, or vacuum equipment, to temper, harden, anneal, or heat-treat metal or plastic objects.
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders set up or operate plating or coating machines to coat metal or plastic products with zinc, copper, nickel, or some other metal to protect or decorate surfaces (includes electrolytic processes).
Metal and plastic machine workers held about 1.1 million jobs in 2019. Employment in the detailed occupations that make up metal and plastic machine workers was distributed as follows:
| Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 195,700 |
| Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 173,400 |
| Computer numerically controlled tool operators | 152,400 |
| Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 150,500 |
| Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 77,400 |
| Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 77,100 |
| Plating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 42,100 |
| Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders | 37,200 |
| Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 32,600 |
| Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 28,200 |
| Computer numerically controlled tool programmers | 25,700 |
| Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 20,100 |
| Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 19,200 |
| Foundry mold and coremakers | 17,600 |
| Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders | 17,100 |
| Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 16,400 |
| Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 11,200 |
| Pourers and casters, metal | 8,000 |
| Model makers, metal and plastic | 4,400 |
| Patternmakers, metal and plastic | 3,100 |
The largest employers of metal and plastic machine workers were as follows:
| Fabricated metal product manufacturing | 26% |
| Plastics and rubber products manufacturing | 16 |
| Transportation equipment manufacturing | 14 |
| Primary metal manufacturing | 12 |
| Machinery manufacturing | 10 |
These workers often operate powerful, high-speed machines that can be dangerous, so they must observe safety rules. Operators usually wear protective equipment, such as safety glasses, earplugs, and steel-toed boots to protect them from flying particles of metal or plastic, machine noise, and heavy objects, respectively.
Other required safety equipment varies by work setting and machine. For example, respirators are common for those in the plastics industry who work near materials that emit dangerous fumes or dust.
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders have one of the highest rates of injuries and illnesses of all occupations.
Most metal and plastic machine workers are employed full time. Overtime is common, and because many manufacturers run their machinery for extended periods, evening and weekend work is also common.
Most metal and plastic workers have a high school diploma and learn through on-the-job training typically lasting a year. Computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine tool programmers, however, typically need to complete courses beyond high school.
Although most metal and plastic machine workers typically have a high school diploma, many computer numerically controlled machine tool programmers usually need to complete coursework beyond high school. Some community colleges and other schools offer courses and certificate programs in operating metal and plastics machines including CNC programming.
For most metal and plastic machine workers, high school courses in computer programming, vocational technology, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and basic statistics are considered useful.
Machine operator trainees usually begin by watching and helping experienced workers on the job. Under supervision, they may start by supplying materials, starting and stopping the machines, or by removing finished products. Then they advance to more difficult tasks that operators perform, such as adjusting feed speeds, changing cutting tools, and inspecting a finished product for defects. Eventually, some develop the skills and experience to set up machines.
The complexity of the equipment usually determines the time required to become an operator. Some operators and tenders are trained on basic machine operations and functions in a few months, but other workers, such as computer-controlled machine tool operators, may need up to a year to become trained.
As the manufacturing process continues to utilize more computerized machinery, training on computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and CNC machines can be helpful.
Certification can show competence and can be helpful for advancement. The National Institute for Metalworking Skills (NIMS) offers certification in numerous metalworking specializations.
Advancement usually includes higher pay and more responsibilities. With experience and expertise, workers can become trainees for more advanced positions. It is common for machine operators to move into setup or machinery maintenance positions. Setup workers may become industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers, or machinists or tool and die makers.
Experienced workers with good communication and analytical skills may move into supervisory positions.
Computer skills. Metal and plastic machine workers often must be able to use programmable devices, computers, and robots on the factory floor.
Dexterity. Metal and plastic machine workers who work in metal and plastic machined goods manufacturing use precise hand movements to make the necessary shapes, cuts, and edges that designs require.
Mechanical skills. Metal and plastic machine workers set up and operate machinery. They must be comfortable working with machines and have a good understanding of how the machines and all their parts work.
Physical stamina. Metal and plastic machine workers must be able to stand for long periods and perform repetitive work.
Physical strength. Metal and plastic machine workers must be strong enough to guide and load heavy and bulky parts and materials into machines.
Median annual wages, May 2019
The median annual wage for metal and plastic machine workers was $36,990 in May 2019. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $25,000, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $58,200.
Median annual wages for metal and plastic machine workers in May 2019 were as follows:
| Model makers, metal and plastic | $57,020 |
| Computer numerically controlled tool programmers | 56,450 |
| Patternmakers, metal and plastic | 46,910 |
| Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 43,210 |
| Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders | 42,250 |
| Computer numerically controlled tool operators | 41,200 |
| Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 40,490 |
| Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 40,100 |
| Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 39,670 |
| Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 38,910 |
| Pourers and casters, metal | 38,620 |
| Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders | 38,310 |
| Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 38,250 |
| Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 36,330 |
| Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 36,320 |
| Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 36,100 |
| Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 35,610 |
| Foundry mold and coremakers | 35,590 |
| Plating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 33,500 |
| Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 32,130 |
In May 2019, the median annual wages for metal and plastic machine workers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:
| Machinery manufacturing | $40,120 |
| Primary metal manufacturing | 39,280 |
| Transportation equipment manufacturing | 38,870 |
| Fabricated metal product manufacturing | 37,390 |
| Plastics and rubber products manufacturing | 32,370 |
Most metal and plastic machine workers are employed full time. Overtime is common, and because many manufacturers run their machinery for extended periods, evening and weekend work also is common.
Percent change in employment, projected 2019-29
Employment of metal and plastic machine workers is projected to decline 7 percent from 2019 to 2029. Employment declines are expected to stem from continued advances in technology and foreign competition.
One of the most important factors influencing employment of these occupations is the use of labor-saving machinery. Many firms are adopting technologies such as computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine tools and robots to improve quality and lower production costs. The switch to CNC machinery requires computer programmers instead of machine setters, operators, and tenders. Therefore, demand for manual machine tool operators and tenders is likely to be reduced by these new technologies, and conversely, demand for CNC machine programmers is expected to be strong.
The demand for metal and plastic machine workers is also affected by the demand for the parts they produce. Both the plastic and metal manufacturing industries face foreign competition that limits the orders for parts produced in this country. Some U.S. manufacturers have moved their production to foreign countries, reducing jobs for machine setters and operators. However, some companies are bringing jobs back to the United States from overseas, and this is expected to continue over the coming decade.
Most job opportunities will result from the need to replace workers who leave these occupations.
Workers who are able to operate CNC machines and have industry certifications should also have best job prospects.
| Occupational Title | SOC Code | Employment, 2019 | Projected Employment, 2029 | Change, 2019-29 | Employment by Industry | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent | Numeric | ||||||
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program |
|||||||
Metal and plastic machine workers |
— | 1,109,400 | 1,033,700 | -7 | -75,800 | — | |
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51-4021 | 77,400 | 69,200 | -11 | -8,200 | Get data | |
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51-4022 | 16,400 | 13,000 | -21 | -3,500 | Get data | |
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51-4023 | 32,600 | 28,900 | -11 | -3,700 | Get data | |
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51-4031 | 195,700 | 179,400 | -8 | -16,300 | Get data | |
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51-4032 | 11,200 | 9,100 | -19 | -2,100 | Get data | |
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51-4033 | 77,100 | 70,800 | -8 | -6,300 | Get data | |
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51-4034 | 28,200 | 25,300 | -10 | -2,900 | Get data | |
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51-4035 | 19,200 | 15,600 | -19 | -3,600 | Get data | |
Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders |
51-4051 | 17,100 | 17,100 | 0 | 0 | Get data | |
Pourers and casters, metal |
51-4052 | 8,000 | 7,300 | -9 | -700 | Get data | |
Model makers, metal and plastic |
51-4061 | 4,400 | 4,100 | -8 | -400 | Get data | |
Patternmakers, metal and plastic |
51-4062 | 3,100 | 2,800 | -8 | -300 | Get data | |
Foundry mold and coremakers |
51-4071 | 17,600 | 16,500 | -6 | -1,000 | Get data | |
Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51-4072 | 173,400 | 156,700 | -10 | -16,700 | Get data | |
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51-4081 | 150,500 | 153,600 | 2 | 3,100 | Get data | |
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders |
51-4122 | 37,200 | 34,700 | -7 | -2,500 | Get data | |
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51-4191 | 20,100 | 18,000 | -10 | -2,100 | Get data | |
Plating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51-4193 | 42,100 | 38,400 | -9 | -3,700 | Get data | |
Computer numerically controlled tool operators |
51-9161 | 152,400 | 141,700 | -7 | -10,700 | Get data | |
Computer numerically controlled tool programmers |
51-9162 | 25,700 | 31,300 | 22 | 5,600 | Get data | |
For more information about metal and plastic machine workers, including training and certification, visit
Fabricators & Manufacturers Association, International (FMA)
National Institute for Metalworking Skills (NIMS)
For information about manufacturing careers, machinery, and equipment, visit
Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT)
National Tooling and Machining Association (NTMA)
Precision Machined Products Association (PMPA)
Precision Metalforming Association (PMA)
Computer Numerically Controlled Machine Tool Programmers, Metal and Plastic
Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic
Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Drilling and Boring Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Forging Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Lathe and Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and Tenders
Milling and Planing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Model Makers, Metal and Plastic
Molding, Coremaking, and Casting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Multiple Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Patternmakers, Metal and Plastic
Plating and Coating Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders